2019) without taking into account possible interactions with other strategies. In most of the existing questionnaire studies, researchers have focused on isolated, putatively adaptive emotion regulation strategies and especially on cognitive reappraisal (Ludwig et al. One way to do this is by taking a wider perspective on the process of emotion regulation. To resolve this paradox, it is necessary to improve our understanding of the conditions under which the use of putatively adaptive strategies can unfold their positive effect on paranoid ideation. 2016 Eichner and Berna 2016 Louise et al. This pattern of findings does not accord with the effective reduction of psychotic symptoms by means of clinical interventions that focus on conveying adaptive strategies, such as cognitive reappraisal and acceptance/tolerance (Cramer et al. Although studies report a positive association between maladaptive strategies and positive psychotic symptoms overall, there is rather high heterogeneity in findings for adaptive strategies with only some studies reporting a significant negative association between cognitive reappraisal and positive psychotic symptoms and most studies reporting no significant association (Ludwig et al. A similar pattern of findings is evident in studies investigating emotion regulation strategies in psychosis (for a meta-analytic review see Ludwig et al. Associations with psychopathology, however, have only been robustly shown for the putatively maladaptive strategies, whereas findings on the association between adaptive strategies and overall psychopathology are heterogeneous (Aldao et al. The assumption behind this subdivision is that maladaptive strategies will be positively, and adaptive strategies will be negatively associated with psychopathology (Aldao 2012).
2008), and those considered adaptive, such as cognitive reappraisal (John and Gross 2004) and acceptance (Flaxman et al. 2006) and rumination (Nolen-Hoeksema et al. These strategies are often subdivided into those considered maladaptive, such as suppression (Campbell-Sills et al. It has further been conceptualised as a set of regulation strategies. In the face of this evidence for negative affect as a predictor of paranoid ideation, it stands to reason that difficulties in the regulation of negative affect play an important role in the formation of paranoid ideation.Įmotion regulation has been defined as a process comprising the monitoring, appraisal and modification of the quality, intensity, and duration of affective states (Thompson 1994). 2010a, b) and negative affect mediated the impact of a social stressor on paranoid ideation in patients with a psychotic disorder (Freeman et al. Moreover, an experimental manipulation of negative affect was shown to be associated with increases in paranoid ideation in the general population (Lincoln et al. 2017a) and in studies based on the experience sampling method (ESM) in samples with different levels of symptom severity (Ben-Zeev et al. In support of this model, elevated levels of negative affect have been found to predict paranoid ideation in longitudinal studies (Fowler et al. ( 2001) postulated that negative affect has a crucial influence on the interpretation of internal and external experiences and thereby significantly contributes to paranoid ideation. In an influential model of psychosis, Garety et al.
The results indicate that comprehending and accepting/tolerating emotions could be protective against paranoid ideation. In study 2, the interaction effect between comprehension and acceptance/tolerance on paranoid ideation was confirmed.
However, comprehension and self-support moderated the association between acceptance/tolerance and paranoid ideation. In study 1, the association between modification and paranoid ideation was not moderated by comprehension or self-support. In study 2, we examined the same hypotheses longitudinally by employing the experience sampling method in people with clinically relevant psychopathology below diagnostic threshold ( N = 138).
In study 1, we examined the hypotheses cross-sectionally based on questionnaire data from a combined sample ( N = 125) consisting of people with a psychotic disorder, people at risk of developing psychosis, and healthy controls. Methodīuilding on this model, we investigated whether comprehension and self-support strengthen the negative association between modification and acceptance/tolerance and paranoid ideation. According to the emotion regulation model by Berking and Whitley (in: Affect Regulation Training, Springer, New York 2014) successful modification or acceptance/tolerance of emotions requires an adequate comprehension (awareness, clarity, understanding) of emotions and adequate self-support. Research on emotion regulation and paranoid ideation has mostly focused on isolated regulation strategies and has remained largely inconclusive.
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